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democracy\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6839\u672c\u96be\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u867d\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u4ea7\u751f\u516c\u5171\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4ea7\u751f\u5584\u7684\u516c\u5171\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4ea7\u751f\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5171\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u6216\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u516c\u5171\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u201c\u5584\u201d\u662f\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u5207\u597d\u4e8b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2a\u6a21\u7cca\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ec1\u8005\u89c1\u4ec1\uff0c\u56e0\u65f6\u800c\u5f02\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5584\u662f\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u624d\u6709\u7684\u201c\u6d88\u6781\u201d\u81ea\u7531\uff08negative freedom\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u6709\u53d1\u8a00\u6743\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u6743\u7684\u201c\u79ef\u6781\u201d\u81ea\u7531\uff08positive freedom\uff09\uff1b\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u5927\u7ea6\u4e8c\u6218\u524d\uff09\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5584\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6cd5\u6cbb\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u7684\u666e\u904d\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u516c\u5171\u9009\u62e9\uff1b\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\uff08\u5927\u6982\u57281968\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\uff09\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u5584\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ece\u6743\u5229\u5e73\u7b49\u63a8\u8fdb\u5230\u673a\u4f1a\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u6027\u522b\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u6027\u53d6\u5411\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6269\u5f20\u5230\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u88ab\u540c\u7b49\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0a\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u8d24\u611a\u4e4b\u522b\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u4e4b\u522b\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u5dee\u522b\u3001\u751f\u7406\u5dee\u522b\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u5dee\u522b\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u5dee\u522b\u7b49\u4e00\u5207\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u5373\u628a\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5dee\u522b\uff08difference\uff09\u90fd\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4ef7\u503c\u6b67\u89c6\uff08discrimination\uff09\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u6f14\u5316\u8def\u5f84\u4ece\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u6027\u5e73\u7b49\u5373\u201c\u6d88\u6781\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\u6f14\u53d8\u5230\u4eba\u4eba\u7684\u8fdb\u53d6\u6027\u5e73\u7b49\u5373\u201c\u79ef\u6781\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u6d88\u6781\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\u548c\u201c\u79ef\u6781\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u53c2\u7167\u4e86\u4ee5\u8d5b\u4e9a\u00b7\u4f2f\u6797\u5173\u4e8e\u6d88\u6781\u6027\u548c\u79ef\u6781\u6027\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u6d88\u6781\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8981\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u62b5\u6297\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u96c6\u4f53\u6743\u529b\u52a0\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff1b\u79ef\u6781\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8981\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u8fdb\u53d6\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u8feb\u4f7f\u653f\u5e9c\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u627f\u8ba4\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u5047\u5982\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u83b7\u5f97\u7686\u5927\u6b22\u559c\u7684\u597d\u4e8b\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u6700\u597d\uff0c\u53ef\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5c31\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u6240\u6709\u597d\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u597d\u4e8b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5404\u5f02\u53c8\u4e92\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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\u516d\u3001\u81ea\u5e26\u667a\u6167\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5df2\u77e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u56f0\u96be\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u4e2a\u4eba\u7406\u6027\u7684\u52a0\u603b\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4ea7\u751f\u96c6\u4f53\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5f80\u5f80\u5f62\u6210\u96c6\u4f53\u975e\u7406\u6027\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f88\u96be\u6392\u9664\u8d44\u672c\u548c\u6743\u529b\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u64cd\u7eb5\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u7406\u7531\u6765\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a\u5236\u5ea6\u672c\u8eab\u80fd\u591f\u81ea\u5e26\u201c\u667a\u5546\u201d\u7684\u667a\u6167\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6c11\u4e3b\u80fd\u591f\u514d\u4e8e\u4e0d\u516c\u504f\u597d\u800c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7406\u6027\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u80fd\u591f\u5c3d\u91cf\u4ea7\u751f\u6700\u5408\u7406\u7684\u516c\u5171\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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Trollope\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u5927\u610f\u662f\u8bf4\u4eba\u4eec\u5145\u6ee1\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u76f8\u4fe1\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u5982\u76f8\u4fe1\u6982\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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1.\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f6e\u6295\u7968\u4ee5\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u666e\u9009\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u7531\u5171\u540c\u4f53\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u53c2\u4e0e\u6295\u7968\uff08\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f03\u6743\uff09\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u53cc\u7968\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u65e2\u6709\u8d5e\u6210\u7968\u4e5f\u6709\u53cd\u5bf9\u7968\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6e\u53cc\u7968\u5236\u666e\u9009\u5c06\u51b3\u5b9a\u5019\u9009\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u6b32\u9879\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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