{"id":640724,"date":"2024-11-11T11:14:06","date_gmt":"2024-11-11T03:14:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.youtupa.com\/gonglue\/640724.html"},"modified":"2024-11-12T00:54:08","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T16:54:08","slug":"%e9%bb%84%e7%bf%94%ef%bc%9a%e7%9f%a5%e8%af%86%e8%ae%ba%e8%83%bd%e5%90%a6%e8%a2%ab%e8%87%aa%e7%84%b6%e5%8c%96%ef%bc%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.youtupa.com\/gonglue\/640724.html","title":{"rendered":"\u9ec4\u7fd4\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u80fd\u5426\u88ab\u81ea\u7136\u5316?\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtupa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/69be6afcf02b42399825a56dc21c6d9b.png\" class=\"attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"\u9ec4\u7fd4\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u80fd\u5426\u88ab\u81ea\u7136\u5316?\uff1f\" title=\"\u9ec4\u7fd4\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u80fd\u5426\u88ab\u81ea\u7136\u5316?\uff1f\u7f29\u7565\u56fe\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981\uff1a\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u5176\u8bba\u636e\u5927\u81f4\u53ef\u88ab\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\uff0c\u5373\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8bba\u636e\u548c\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8bba\u636e\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8bba\u636e\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u591a\u6570\u662f\u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u7531\u5e38\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u63a5\u53d7\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u5176\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8bba\u636e\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u5426\u5b9a\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5148\u9a8c\u8d44\u6e90\u4e88\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u3002\u5728\u5bf9\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8bba\u636e\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8fa9\u62a4\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5173 \u952e \u8bcd\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba &nbsp;\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u89c4\u8303 &nbsp;\u5148\u9a8c\u6027<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u82f1\u6587\u7684\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba(epistemology)\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u57281854\u5e74\u88ab\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8d39\u91cc\u5c14\u9996\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u6307\u79f0\u5bf9\u8ba4\u77e5\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u2460\u5f53\u4eca\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u8fdb\u8def\u53ef\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u79cd\u8bd5\u56fe\u6062\u590d\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u8d39\u91cc\u5c14\u5f0f\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4e0d\u81ea\u89c9\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba(naturalized epistemology)\u6216\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba(natualistic epistemology)\u6709\u7740\u8bf8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7248\u672c\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5404\u7248\u672c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u6839\u672c\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u770b\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5374\u5171\u4eab\u6240\u8c13\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a(naturalistic position\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0NP)\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u201c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u5730\u83b7\u53d6\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u79cd\u7c7b\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u7ed9\u51fa\u5177\u6709\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\u3002\u7eb5\u89c2\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\uff0c\u4ece\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5230\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53ca\u81f3\u5f53\u4ee3\u5404\u79cd\u54f2\u5b66\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u65e0\u4e00\u4e0d\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u7740\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\u6700\u65e9\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4f11\u8c1f\u3001\u675c\u5a01\u3001\u6851\u5854\u4e9a\u7eb3\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u6839\u636e\u2461\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5f53\u4ee3\u82f1\u8bed\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9NP\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5e38\u4ee5\u84af\u56e0\u7684\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u300b(1969)\u4e00\u6587\u4e3a\u8d77\u70b9\u3002\u2462\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u84af\u56e0\u8bba\u8bc1\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5e94\u8be5\u653e\u5f03\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u5f0f\u7684\u5bf9\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u4ee5\u53ca\u5361\u5c14\u7eb3\u666e\u5f0f\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u91cd\u6784\uff0c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4ee5\u5bf9\u201c\u611f\u89c9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u5bf9\u5916\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u201d\u8fd9\u79cd\u771f\u5b9e\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff1b\u8fd9\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u5206\u6790\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u84af\u56e0\u575a\u6301\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5e94\u8be5\u6210\u4e3a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u8fdb\u800c\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5e76\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ee5\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8ffd\u6c42\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u201d\u662f\u6307\u6784\u6210\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6210\u5206\u4e0d\u80fd\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u90fd\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u591f\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u83b7\u53d6\u8bc1\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5f53\u4ee3\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u754c\u5bf9NP\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8bba\u636e(Argument of Normativity\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0An)\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8bba\u636e(Argument of the a priori\uff0c\u4e0b\u6587\u7b80\u79f0\u4e3aAa)\u201d\u3002\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bba\u636e\u8d28\u7591NP\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u4fdd\u7559\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u8ba8\u8bba\u5927\u591a\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8fdb\u8def\u4e2d\u5c55\u5f00\u3002\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bba\u636e\u8d28\u7591\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5728NP\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5176\u8ba8\u8bba\u6d89\u53ca\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5982\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5bf9\u5408\u7406\u6027\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7b49\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u4f5c\u5206\u522b\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u9610\u660e\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u4e00 \u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8bba\u636e<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u84af\u56e0\u6781\u5176\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\u5f15\u5bfc\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u5c55\u5f00\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8003\u5bdf\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u5178\u578b\u800c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u4e2d\u5206\u6790\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5bf9\u8ba4\u77e5\u673a\u5236\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u56e0\u7d20\u3001\u5728\u751f\u7269\u6f14\u5316\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ee5\u53ca\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u529b\u56fe\u63a2\u6c42\u201c\u5bf9\u5904\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u3001\u751f\u7269\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u201d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u4e00\u76f4\u56f0\u6270\u7740NP\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d28\u7591\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0cNP\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u6210\u4e3a\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u6b64\u5373\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8bba\u636e\uff0c\u5176\u8bba\u8bc1\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (An1)\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u5206\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5730\u4f4d(epistemic standing\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0ES)\u662f\u5426\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (An2)\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u53ea\u63d0\u4f9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f8b\u5219\u6027(nomological)\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca(An1)\u4e2d\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f62\u6210\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 ES\u6307\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6210\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5373\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 S\u76f8\u4fe1p\uff0cES\u2192S\u77e5\u9053p<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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NP\u5bf9\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5426\u5b9a(An1)\uff0c\u5373\u5426\u8ba4\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5730\u4f4dES\u662f\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u575a\u6301\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7eaf\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\u3002\u84af\u56e0\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u540e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u4fbf\u6000\u7591\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u7eaf\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u7acb\u573a\u5b8c\u5168\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5bf9\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u8fa9\u62a4\u3001\u8bc1\u636e\u7b49\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u90fd\u88ab\u4e00\u4e9b\u56e0\u679c\u5f8b\u5219\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\u6240\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002\u2463\u4e0d\u96be\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a(An1)\u7684\u7eaf\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u66ff\u6362\u6027\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4f5c\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5c31\u65e0\u9700\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7acb\u573a\u4e0d\u4e4f\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u7f57\u8482\u3001\u8d39\u8036\u62c9\u672c\u5fb7\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6781\u7aef\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u90fd\u575a\u6301\uff0c\u201c\u8fa9\u62a4\u201d\u548c\u201c\u771f\u7406\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u6765\u770b\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u89c4\u8303\u800c\u975e\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u89c4\u8303\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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\u5bf9\u4e8e(An2)\uff0c\u8003\u5e03\u91cc\u8328\u4e0e\u84af\u56e0\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u201c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u53ea\u80fd\u5bf9\u523a\u6fc0\u53cd\u5e94\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f5c\u5f8b\u5219\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\u800c\u65e0\u6d89\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u201d\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u53ef\u9760\u673a\u5236\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u771f\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7acb\u573a\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6c42\u771f\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u5728\u8003\u5e03\u91cc\u8328\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u6709\u5176\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u57fa\u7840(practical grounding)\uff0c\u5373\u83b7\u53d6\u771f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6709\u5de5\u5177\u6027\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u771f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e0d\u5fc5\u662f\u6c42\u53d6\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u6c42\u53d6\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5982\u8ffd\u6c42\u597d\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u3001\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e78\u798f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u6c42\u53d6\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u54ea\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u673a\u5236\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u201c\u54ea\u4e9b\u624b\u6bb5\u53ef\u4ee5\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u6548\u83b7\u53d6\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9e\u7528\u6027\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u6c42\u771f\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002\u2468<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u6208\u5fb7\u66fc\u6700\u65e9\u628a\u77e5\u8bc6\u770b\u4f5c\u7531\u53ef\u9760\u673a\u5236\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u7684\u771f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e3b\u5f20\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u8ba4\u77e5\u673a\u5236\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u62e5\u6709\u660e\u6670\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u6208\u5fb7\u66fc\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\uff0c\u5176\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\u5341\u5206\u9c9c\u660e\uff0c\u5b83\u575a\u6301\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u201c\u8fa9\u62a4\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4fdd\u8bc1(warrant)\u201d\u7b49\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u548c\u8ba1\u7b97\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5e76\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9(An1)\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u81ea\u8ba4\u77e5\u673a\u5236\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u7406\u89e3\u8ba4\u77e5\u673a\u5236\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u5219\u9700\u8981\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u2469\u6208\u5fb7\u66fc\u4e0d\u8ba4\u540c\u8003\u5e03\u91cc\u8328\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u6982\u5ff5\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u5e94\u91c7\u53d6\u4e24\u6b65\u8d70\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6982\u5ff5\u5206\u6790\u51b3\u5b9a\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8f6e\u5ed3\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u51b3\u5b9a\u54ea\u79cd\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u7528\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u9760\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0e\u8003\u5e03\u91cc\u8328\u4e00\u6837\u53cd\u5bf9(An2)\uff0c\u575a\u6301\u5177\u6709\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u3002(11)\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u54ea\u4e9b\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u66f4\u4e3a\u53ef\u9760\u201d\u65e2\u662f\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2a\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u89c4\u8303\u53ca\u5176\u6982\u5ff5\u5206\u6790\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u540e\u9a8c\u7684\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u65ad\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3b\u4f53\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u88ab\u8bd5\u5982\u4f55\u62e5\u6709\u53ef\u9760\u8ba4\u77e5\u673a\u5236\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fd0\u7528\u7c7b\u4f3c\u6570\u5b66\u6216\u903b\u8f91\u76f4\u89c9\u90a3\u6837\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8fdb\u884c\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u4e0a\u8ff0\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\u5bf9\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u3002\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u673a\u5236\u3002\u8003\u5e03\u91cc\u8328\u5f3a\u8c03\u6f14\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u548c\u6f14\u5316\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u6982\u5ff5\u5982\u771f\u7406\u3001\u63a8\u7406\u3001\u8bc1\u636e\u7b49\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u800c\u6208\u5fb7\u66fc\u5219\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u793e\u4f1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u8d44\u6e90\u6765\u63ed\u793a\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0NP\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9(An2)\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u90fd\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5185\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8d28\u7591\u6208\u5fb7\u66fc\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4f1a\u56e0\u5176\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7279\u5f81\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u7167\u987e\u5230\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6700\u7ec8\u96be\u4ee5\u9003\u8131(An2)\u7684\u8d23\u96be\u3002(12)\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u5219\u8d28\u7591\u8003\u5e03\u91cc\u8328\u4ee5\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u89c4\u8303\u8fc7\u4e8e\u72ed\u9698\u3002(13)\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8bba\u636eAn\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u524d\u63d0(An2)\u7684\u56de\u7b54\uff0cNP\u4ecd\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u627e\u5230\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 NP\u5728\u56de\u5e94\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8bba\u636e\u65f6\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u7531\u662f\u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48NP\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8bba\u636e\u63a8\u7ffb\uff0c\u5374\u96be\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u6279\u8bc4\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\u3002\u800c\u56de\u5e94\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8bba\u636e\u65f6\uff0cNP\u5219\u4f1a\u76f4\u6307\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5f31\u70b9\u3002\u9020\u6210\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u522b\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8bba\u636e\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5e38\u5e38\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u5728\u5185\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u53cd\u5bf9NP\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5c06NP\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u7531\u5f52\u4e3a\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d44\u6e90\u800c\u96be\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u5185\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u6240\u64c5\u957f\u5904\u7406\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4fbf\u603b\u4f1a\u5728\u5185\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u8d44\u6e90\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u5b89\u8eab\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8f6c\u5165\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8bba\u636e\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u65f6\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0d\u518d\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u6790\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u5185\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e89\u7684\u8bed\u5883\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u8fdb\u5165\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u6700\u521d\u6240\u6307\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0cNP\u5bf9\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8bba\u636e\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u4e5f\u4f1a\u76f4\u63a5\u6279\u8bc4\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u4e8c \u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8bba\u636e<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u6240\u8c13\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8bba\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8fbe\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>(Aa1)\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5176\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u83b7\u53d6\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002NP\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (Aa2)\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8d44\u6e90\u8fd0\u4f5c\u65f6\u7684\u6b63\u8bef\u6807\u51c6\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u7ed3\u8bba\uff1aNP\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u811a\u7684\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5408\u7406\u6027(epistemic rationality)\uff0c\u5982\u63a8\u7406\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u8bc1\u636e\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u8bf4\u660e\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u89c4\u5219\u7b49\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u5176\u53ef\u9760\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6e90\u81ea\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u76f4\u89c9(epistemic intuition)\u548c\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u5982\u5bf9\u771f\u7406\u3001\u8bc1\u636e\u3001\u8fa9\u62a4\u3001\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u6027\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u7528\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u5047\u60f3\u6848\u4f8b\u5982\u76d6\u68af\u5c14\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u3002\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8bba\u636e\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0cNP\u65e0\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u62c6\u53f0(self-defeating)\u4e4b\u5acc\u3002(14)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5bf9\u4e8e(Aa1)\uff0c\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u53cd\u9a73\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u8bed\u53e5\u3001\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u8fd8\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\uff0c\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u523b\u753b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u523b\u753b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u3002(15)\u666e\u7279\u5357\u548c\u57fa\u5207\u5c14(Philip Kitcher)\u7b49\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u4f5c\u51fa\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e76\u8bba\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6807\u51c6\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6240\u8c13\u5148\u9a8c\u8bed\u53e5\u6216\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u90fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002(16)\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u6240\u575a\u6301\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u6982\u5ff5\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u652f\u6301\u8005\u575a\u6301\u6240\u8c13\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u66ff\u4ee3\u3002\u5728\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8bba\u636eAa\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8003\u5e03\u91cc\u8328\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u662f\u4e2a\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u63a8\u7406\uff1a\u65e0\u8bba\u4f60\u8ffd\u6c42\u54ea\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u90fd\u8981\u53bb\u8ffd\u6c42\u771f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8003\u5e03\u91cc\u8328\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u8ffd\u6c42\u771f\u7406\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u76ee\u6807\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u5148\u9a8c\u53cd\u601d\u3002\u4e5f\u5373\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728(Aa1)\u652f\u6301\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u54f2\u5b66\u5c55\u5f00\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0cNP\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u4f1a\u575a\u6301\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u4e88\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5c40\u9762\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e89\u8bba\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u5728\u8bf4\u660e\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u8bba\u8bc1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6216\u6982\u5ff5\u7279\u522b\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u660e\u663e\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u53cd\u601d\u6216\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4ee5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u4e3a\u5f7b\u5e95\u66f4\u4e3a\u5706\u6ee1\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u59a8\u901a\u8fc7\u51e0\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u8bf4\u660e\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4ee5\u5148\u9a8c\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8003\u5e03\u91cc\u8328\u5e76\u4e0d\u5426\u8ba4\u83b7\u53d6\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u53cd\u601d\u548c\u76f4\u89c9\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53cd\u601d\u548c\u76f4\u89c9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u773c\u524d\u6643\u8fc7\u4e00\u53ea\u5c0f\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u89c9\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u53ea\u677e\u9f20\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4e2a\u540e\u9a8c\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u5468\u56f4\u52a8\u7269\u73af\u5883\u6709\u6240\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u53cd\u601d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u63a8\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u63a8\u7406\u6807\u51c6\u5e38\u5e38\u662f\u6570\u5b66\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5176\u6709\u6548\u6027\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002\u8003\u5e03\u91cc\u8328\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u63a8\u7406\u6807\u51c6\u6709\u5176\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5e76\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u8003\u91cf\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u7528\u3001\u662f\u5426\u597d\u7528\u3001\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u9760\u7b49\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8003\u91cf\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u5148\u9a8c\u56e0\u7d20\u3002(17)<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u5bf9\u6570\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u575a\u6301\u6570\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u83b7\u53d6\u4e0e\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7b97\u672f\u548c\u51e0\u4f55\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u547d\u9898\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u548c\u5f52\u7eb3\u6982\u62ec\u6765\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u547d\u9898\u53ef\u56e0\u4e0e\u57fa\u7840\u6570\u5b66\u547d\u9898\u76f8\u5173\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u8fa9\u62a4\u3002(18)\u84af\u56e0\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u6570\u5b66\u547d\u9898\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u8bf4\u660e\u529b\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8be5\u7406\u8bba\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u539f\u5219\u3002\u5728\u666e\u7279\u5357\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u84af\u56e0\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u8bba\u5bf9\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u7efc\u5408\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f7b\u5e95\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u6279\u5224\u5219\u5341\u5206\u6210\u529f\u3002(19)\u5728\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8d1d\u7eb3\u585e\u62c9\u592b(Paul Benacerraf)\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u597d\u7684\u771f\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u6570\u5b66\u8bed\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e3a\u771f\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6700\u597d\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u8981\u6c42\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e(\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e3a\u771f\u6761\u4ef6\u7684)\u77e5\u8bc6\u6240\u6307\u79f0\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u96be\u4ee5\u8fdb\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5fc5\u7136\u771f\u7406\u548c\u6307\u79f0\u62bd\u8c61\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4e3a\u771f\u6761\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5148\u9a8c\u77e5\u8bc6\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u95ee\u9898\u3002(20)\u800c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8d1d\u7eb3\u585e\u62c9\u592b\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fc7\u4e8e\u72ed\u9698\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u6240\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u66ff\u4ee3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u5fb7\u96f7\u65af\u514b\u5bf9\u8bc1\u636e\u548c\u7406\u7531\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u5904\u7406\u3002\u5fb7\u96f7\u65af\u514b\u7684\u53ef\u9760\u4e3b\u4e49\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u8bc1\u636e\u8ffd\u5bfb\u771f\u7406(tracking truth)\u201d\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373\u5982\u679cS\u56e0\u8bc1\u636eE\u800c\u83b7\u53d6\u77e5\u8bc6P\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u9664\u975eP\u5c5e\u5b9e\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u8bc1\u636eE\u3002(21)\u5728\u5fb7\u96f7\u65af\u514b\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bc1\u636e\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4ee5\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u7406\u7531\u3002\u5728\u5fb7\u96f7\u65af\u514b\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u8fa9\u62a4\u7406\u7531\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u76d6\u68af\u5c14\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bc1\u636e\u662f\u4ee5\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u8ba4\u77e5\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u6d41\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5f81\uff1aS\u76f8\u4fe1P\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606fP\u56e0\u679c\u5730\u5f15\u8d77S\u7684\u76f8\u5e94\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u5f53\u4fe1\u606fP\u7684\u8f7d\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u8bc1\u8a00\u7b49\uff0c\u4e3a\u4fe1\u5ff5P\u63d0\u4f9b\u6ee1\u8db3\u8ffd\u5bfb\u771f\u7406\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u5f20\u4e09\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u53ea\u72fc\u72d7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u5230\u72fc\u72d7\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u77e5\u89c9\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u8ffd\u5bfb\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u5373\u5047\u5982S\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5230\u72fc\u72d7\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u90a3\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u53ea\u72fc\u72d7\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3aS\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u8bc1\u636e\u8ffd\u5bfb\u771f\u7406\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u9700\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u8bc1\u636e\u663e\u793a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u77e5\u89c9\u88ab\u6b3a\u9a97\u65f6\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4(assume)\u77e5\u89c9\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u8bc1\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u6982\u5ff5\u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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\u5148\u770b\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u7531\u3002\u5361\u7956\u7f57(Albert Casullo)\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5148\u9a8c\u8d44\u6e90\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u5982\u60f3\u8d77\u5230\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u5730\u9610\u91ca\u51fa\u6765(fully articulated)\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u53ea\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u8bf4\u670d\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u89c1\u8005\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u5b8c\u5168\u5730\u9610\u91ca\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6ee1\u8db3\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\uff1a\u2460\u8d77\u7801\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u88ab\u5148\u9a8c\u5730\u548c\u975e\u63a8\u7406\u5730\u88ab\u8fa9\u62a4\u65f6\u8ba4\u77e5\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u63cf\u8ff0\uff1b\u2461\u89e3\u91ca\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e00\u7c7b\uff1b\u2462\u63d0\u4f9b\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u5f97\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002(22)\u8bb8\u591a\u652f\u6301\u5148\u9a8c\u8d44\u6e90\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u8d77\u5230\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u89c6\u89d2\u5165\u624b\uff0c\u4f01\u56fe\u627e\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5747\u96be\u4ee5\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u3002\u5361\u7956\u7f57\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u5730\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u5c42\u9762\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5148\u9a8c\u8bba\u652f\u6301\u8005\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b(\u5982\u5728\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u300a\u7f8e\u8bfa\u7bc7\u300b\u4e2d\u90a3\u4e2a\u5974\u96b6\u5b69\u5b50\u83b7\u5f97\u51e0\u4f55\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b)\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b(\u5982\u585e\u9ea6\u5c14\u7ef4\u65af\u627e\u5230\u5f15\u8d77\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ea7\u79d1\u75c5\u623f\u6bd4\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ea7\u79d1\u75c5\u623f\u7684\u4ea7\u8925\u70ed\u6bd4\u4f8b\u9ad8\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b)\u5728\u73b0\u8c61\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e0d\u540c\u6807\u51c6\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u3002\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u5c06\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u4ee5\u5148\u9a8c\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fa9\u62a4\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5bf9\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u505c\u7559\u5728\u5c55\u793a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u88ab\u5148\u9a8c\u5730\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u800c\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u88ab\u5148\u9a8c\u5730\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u660e\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u5bfc\u771f\u6027(truth-conductive)\u800c\u975e\u5bfc\u8bef\u6027(error-conductive)\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u8fa9\u62a4\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u5f97\u88ab\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u66f4\u6709\u7406\u7531\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u771f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u4ee5\u5148\u9a8c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5efa\u7acb\u5e76\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5982\u4f55\u5bfc\u771f\u800c\u4e0d\u5bfc\u8bef\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5176\u56db\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u56de\u7b54\u5982\u4f55\u6ee1\u8db3\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e3a\u5148\u9a8c\u8bba\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5b8c\u5584\u5148\u9a8c\u8bba\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u5206\u6e05\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5c06\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5148\u9a8c\u8bba\u7406\u8bba\u66f4\u4e3a\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u533a\u5206\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u548c\u975e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u3002\u518d\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u5148\u9a8c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bfc\u771f\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5148\u9a8c\u8bba\u8005\u66f4\u4e3a\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u8868\u8ff0\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u5bf9\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u975e\u56e0\u679c\u6027\u7684\u8bf4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\u5982\u679c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u786e\u5b9e\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u5dee\u522b\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u6000\u7591\u3002\u6bd5\u6653\u666e\u548c\u7279\u52b3\u5fb7\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u662f\u7eaf\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u8868\u660e\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u53ea\u9009\u53d6\u4e86\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5e94\u8be5\u653e\u5f03\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4ece\u201c\u6539\u826f\u6027\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66(ameliorative psychology)\u201d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u4e2d\u63a2\u8ba8\u4eba\u7c7b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u83b7\u53d6\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f53\u7136\u53ef\u9519\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u76f4\u89c9\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5b83\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u6276\u624b\u6905\u4e0a\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u76f4\u89c9\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u6210\u4e3a\u6743\u5a01\u3002(25)\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u7f6e\u7591\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u5b9e\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u6240\u5ba3\u79f0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u5f3a\u3002(26)\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u5219\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5b9e\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u6240\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u504f\u79bb\u6807\u51c6\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5a01\u80c1\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u3002(27)\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u5e76\u672a\u8bf4\u670d\u5b9e\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd8\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5bf9\u5b9e\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u672c\u8eab\u5374\u4e3a\u201c\u5426\u5b9a(Aa2)\u5373\u5426\u5b9a\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8bc1\u636e\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u8ba4\u77e5\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u5fc5\u987b\u5224\u65ad\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u76f4\u89c9\u591a\u6837\u6027\u662f\u771f\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5bf9\u76f4\u89c9\u8fdb\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u7684\u5e7b\u89c9\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u5e7b\u89c9\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u8981\u63a5\u7740\u5224\u65ad\u8fd9\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u6027\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4f5c\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u96be\u4ee5\u8131\u79bb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u6700\u540e\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9(Aa2)\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u88ab\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u89c4\u8303\u5728\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u5230\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5c40\u9650\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u8303\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u8131\u79bb\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u8bc6\u522b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u8303\u662f\u5426\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u3002\u63a8\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6240\u8fd0\u7528\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u89c4\u8303\u4e00\u822c\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u88ab\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u8fd9\u79cd\u770b\u6cd5\u6700\u7ec8\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u4f18\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u89c4\u8303\u5728\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8131\u79bb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u65e0\u6cd5\u8131\u79bb\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e9\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0a\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u7406\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u63a8\u7406\u65f6\u5e38\u5e38\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u671f\u671b\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u4f7f\u7528\u903b\u8f91\u89c4\u8303\u3002<\/p>\n<p>(28)\u5f53\u65f6\u591a\u6570\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53d7\u5230\u5916\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5e72\u6270\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u89c4\u5219\u4e0d\u9075\u5faa\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u7136\u800c\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8868\u660e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u5927\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u6570\u5b66\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5305\u62ec\u6c83\u68ee\u7684\u7ffb\u724c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u3001\u5361\u5c3c\u66fc\u7b49\u4eba\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u5408\u53d6\u8c2c\u8bef\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7b49\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u8bf4\u670d\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u770b\u5f85\u4eba\u7c7b\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u3002(29)\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u89c4\u8303\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u672c\u8eab\u5e26\u6709\u7cfb\u7edf\u504f\u5dee(bias)\u7684\u52a9\u52d8\u5f0f\u89c4\u5219(heuristics)\uff0c\u6216\u8868\u5f81\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\u5fc3\u7075\u6a21\u578b\u3002(30)\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u662f\u6f14\u5316\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u6f14\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5404\u79cd\u63a8\u7406\u89c4\u5219\u90fd\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u76ee\u7684\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u63a8\u7406\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u53d7\u5230\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u5404\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f53\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u4e0e\u7279\u5b9a\u63a8\u7406\u89c4\u5219\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u76ee\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3b\u4f53\u4fbf\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u8be5\u63a8\u7406\u89c4\u5219\uff1b\u800c\u5f53\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e0e\u5883\u4e2d\u4e0d\u660e\u6670\u65f6\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e3b\u4f53\u5219\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u5ffd\u7565\u8be5\u63a8\u7406\u89c4\u5219\u3002(31)\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f7f\u7528\u63a8\u7406\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9(Aa2)\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5426\u5b9a\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bed\u5883\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u5148\u9a8c\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5bf9\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u662f\u5426\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u4e0e\u5883\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u65e0\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u6211\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u68c0\u89c6\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u573aNP\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u5373\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8bba\u636e\u548c\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8bba\u636e\uff0c\u6765\u63a2\u8ba8\u8fa9\u62a4NP\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8ba8\u8bba\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u89c4\u8303\u6027\u8bba\u636e\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u81ea\u6211\u8fa9\u62a4\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u7531\u591a\u6570\u662f\u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u7531\u5e38\u5e38\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u63a5\u53d7NP\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u53cd\u5bf9NP\u8005\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5148\u9a8c\u6027\u8bba\u636e\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u5728\u8fa9\u62a4\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u6001\u52bf\uff0c\u5373\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5bf9\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e2d\u5148\u9a8c\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5426\u5b9a\u5373\u5426\u5b9a(Aa1)\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u5148\u9a8c\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u5373\u5426\u5b9a(Aa2)\uff0c\u90fd\u5bf9\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u5316\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u2460Steven Fuller,The Sociology of Intellectual Life,Los Angeles,London,New Delhi:SAGE,2009,p.43.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u2461Geert Keil,\u201cNaturalism\u201d,The Routledge Companion to Twentieth Century Philosophy,Dermot Moran(ed.),Routledge,2008,pp.255-257; Patrick Rysiew,\u201cNaturalism in Epistemology\u201d,Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,2016,http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/epistemology-naturalized\/,section 1.3.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u2462Willard van Orman Quine,\u201cEpistemology Naturalized\u201d,Ontological Relativity and Other Essays,Columbia University Press,1969,pp.69-90.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u2463Richard Grandy,\u201cEpistemology Naturalized and \u2018Epistemology Naturalized\u2019\u201d,Midwest Studies in Philosophy,1994,vol.XIX,p.345; Keith Lehrer,Theory of Knowledge,Westview Press,1990,pp.168-172; Jaegwon Kim,\u201cWhat is Naturalized Epistemology?\u201d,Philosophical Perspectives,2,Atascadero,James E.Tomberlin(ed.),Ridgeview Publishing Co.,1988,pp.388-391; Harvey Siegel,\u201cJustification,Discovery and the Naturalizing of Epistemology\u201d,Philosophy of Science,1980,vol.47,pp.318-319.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u2464Willard van Orman Quine,\u201cReply to White\u201d,The Philosophy of W.V.Quine,Lewis Edwin Hahn &amp; Paul Arthur Schilpp(eds.),La Salle,Ill.:Open Court,1986,pp.663-665.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u2465\u2467Hilary Kornblith,\u201cIn Defense of a Naturalized Epistemology\u201d,The Blackwell Guide to Epistemology,John Greco and Ernest Sosa(eds.),Blackwell,1999,pp.161-162,p.163.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u2466\u2468Hilary Kornblith,Knowledge and Its Place in Nature,Oxford University Press,2002,p.62,p.158.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u2469Alvin Goldman,Pathways to Knowledge:Public and Private,Oxford University Press,2002,p.36.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (11)Alvin Goldman,Epistemology and Cognition,Harvard University Press,1986,p.20.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (12)Laurence BonJour,\u201cAgainst 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Press,1983.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (17)Hilary Kornblith,Knowledge and Its Place in Nature,Oxford University Press,2002,pp.21-22.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (18)John Stuart Mill,A System of Logic,J.M.Robson(ed.),University of Toronto Press,1973,book II,chaps.V&amp;VI.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (19)Hilary Putnam,\u201c\u2018Two Dogmas\u2019 Revisited\u201d,In Realism and Reason:Philosophical Papers,vol.3,Cambridge University Press,1983,pp.90-92.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (20)Paul Benacerraf,\u201cMathematical Truth\u201d,Journal of Philosophy,1973,vol.70,pp.661-679.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (21)Fred Dretske,Knowledge and the Flow of Information,MIT Press,1981.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (22)Albert Casullo,A Priori Justification,Oxford University Press,2003,p.164.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (23)Albert Casullo,A Priori Justification,Oxford University Press,2003,pp.169-173.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (24)Jonathan M.Weinberg,Shaun Nichols and Stephen P.Stich,\u201cNormativity and Epistemic Intuitions\u201d in Experimental 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Atomosphere Effect in Formal Syllogistic Reasoning\u201d,J.Exp.Psychol.,1935,Vol.18,pp.451-460.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (29)Edward Stein,Without Good Reason,Clarendon Press,1996; Keith Stanovich,Who is Rational:Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning,Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers,1999.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (30)Gerd Gigerenzer,Simple Heuristics That Makes Us Smart,Peter M.Todd &amp; the ABC Research Group(eds.),Oxford University Press,1999.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000 (31)Jerome H.Barkow,The Adapted Mind:Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture,Leda Cosmides &amp; John Tooby(eds.),Oxford University Press,1992; Two Minds:Dual Processes and Beyond,Jonathan St B.T.Evans &amp; Keith Frankish(eds.),Oxford University Press,2009.<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u3000\u3000 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