![\"ef1114bc2163945cb450970f1194b975.jpg\"](\"http:\/\/www.youtupa.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/ef1114bc2163945cb450970f1194b975.jpg\" "\\"\u6bb5\u5fb7\u654f\uff1a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u4e4b\u7ef4\uff1f\u63d2\u56fe\\"")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\n
\u3000\u3000 \u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u5c06\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\u53d8\u6210\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\u3002\u76f8\u5e94\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4f1a\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5c42\u9762\u3001\u4ece\u5229\u76ca\u5206\u914d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\uff0c\u81ea\u89c9\u6216\u4e0d\u81ea\u89c9\u5730\u5bfb\u627e\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8bc9\u6c42\uff0c\u5224\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bc9\u6c42\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4e4b\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u6bd4\u8f83\u719f\u6089\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u7528\u5904\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u72ed\u9698\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u66f4\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bf4\u6e05\u695a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e94\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u6709\u6548\u529e\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u89e3\u8bfb\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u6c11\u7cb9\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u7a81\u51fa\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d(the political\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u3001\u5185\u5728\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u5173 \u952e \u8bcd\uff1a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49 \u653f\u6cbb \u6c11\u4e3b \u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3b\u4e49 \u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 1967\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u519c\u6c11\u53c2\u653f\u3001\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f71\u54cd\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f26\u6566\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9662\u53ec\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u5927\u578b\u5b66\u672f\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5b9a\u4e49\u201c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d(Populism\uff0c\u672a\u679c\u3002\u2460\u6070\u597d\u534a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u76842017\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u8131\u6b27\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7279\u6717\u666e\u5f02\u519b\u7a81\u8d77\u593a\u5f97\u603b\u7edf\u5b9d\u5ea7\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u53f3\u7ffc\u52bf\u529b\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5174\u8d77\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u8054\u5408\u4f1a(European Consortium of Political Research\u7684\u5e74\u5ea6\u5927\u4f1a\u5728\u632a\u5a01\u5965\u65af\u9646\u5927\u5b66\u53ec\u5f00\uff0c\u4f1a\u4e0a\u8fd1\u4e00\u534a\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u4f1a\u8bae\u90fd\u548c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4ecd\u5728\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ed9\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\u6216\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u6444\u6027\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u516d\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4f3c\u4e4e\u90fd\u80fd\u5728\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u7ed9\u66fe\u7ecf\u8c8c\u4f3c\u5e73\u9759\u7684\u56fd\u5185\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u5c40\u52bf\u5e26\u6765\u5de8\u5927\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u600e\u4e48\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u4e43\u81f3\u5b9a\u4e49\u5b83\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5374\u83ab\u8877\u4e00\u662f\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u5b66\u7406\u4e0a\u5bf9\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u3001\u601d\u6f6e\u6216\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4f5c\u4e00\u7cbe\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u5176\u5b9e\u90fd\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u4f46\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u90a3\u4e9b\u201c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4e2d\u8fa8\u522b\u51fa\u5927\u81f4\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e00\u822c\u4f1a\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u516c\u57df\u548c\u79c1\u57df\u4e4b\u95f4\u754c\u9650\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u4f20\u7edf(\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7d2f\u79ef\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u4e60\u60ef\u7b49\u6709\u5176\u5185\u5728\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u6211\u4eec\u81f3\u4eca\u96be\u4ee5\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ece\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u5230\u6709\u5de6\u7ffc\u7684\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6709\u4e3b\u5f20\u4fdd\u5b88\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u8981\u6c42\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u754c\u9650\u4ece\u6765\u90fd\u4e0d\u751a\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u90fd\u652f\u6301\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u6c11\u5e94\u8be5\u81ea\u5df1\u7edf\u6cbb\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u8457\u540d\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8005\u4f0a\u51e1\u00b7\u5361\u62c9\u65af\u7279(Ivan Krastev\u5c31\u8bf4\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u5176\u5b9e\u90fd\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u201c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d(Age of Populism\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u5f20\u90fd\u8981\u4ece\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u63d0\u51fa\u3002\u2461\u4e5f\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6210\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u5f53\u4f60\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u67d0\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u8896\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u7ed9\u4ed6(\u5b83\u8d34\u4e0a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6807\u7b7e\u3002\u2462\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d2c\u4e49\u8bcd\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u201c\u6c11\u7cb9\u201d\u662f\u6307\u90a3\u4e9b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7a98\u8feb\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u8fc7\u826f\u597d\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u4e0d\u77e5\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3a\u4f55\u7269\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u7684\u6240\u601d\u6240\u60f3\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4eec\u613f\u610f\u62c5\u8d77\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5934\u8854\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u603b\u603b\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u5728\u725b\u6d25\u901a\u8bc6\u8bfb\u672c\u300a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b(Populism:A Very Short Introduction\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u7a46\u5fb7(Cas Mudde\u548c\u5361\u5c14\u7279\u74e6\u745f(Crist\u00f3bal Rovira Kaltwasser\u5728\u603b\u7ed3\u591a\u79cd\u5173\u4e8e\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u5f81\u786e\u5b9a\u5728\u201c\u53cd\u7cbe\u82f1\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53cd\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u5b83\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u601d\u7ef4\u5730\u56fe\u201d(mental map\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u6765\u5206\u6790\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u653f\u6cbb\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u5957\u9488\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u51fa\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f1a\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u4e0e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u2463\u8fd9\u4e00\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6848\u867d\u7136\u5e76\u4e0d\u9519\uff0c\u4f46\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f3c\u4e4e\u66f4\u663e\u5f97\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6761\u4ef6\u6027\u3001\u9644\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u548c\u201c\u6807\u7b7e\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5176\u5b9e\u76f8\u5dee\u5e76\u4e0d\u592a\u8fdc\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u6b63\u5982\u7a46\u52d2(Jan-Werner Muller\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u53cd\u7cbe\u82f1\u201d\u548c\u201c\u53cd\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5b83\u8fd8\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7edf\u6cbb\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u6cbb\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u822c\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u2464\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5de6\u7ffc\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u53f3\u7ffc\u7684\u3001\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u8fd8\u662f\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u90fd\u65e2\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u53c8\u5e26\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u53cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u6210\u5206\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5c06\u8fd9\u91cc\u5fae\u5999\u4f46\u53c8\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5c55\u793a\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u79bb\u628a\u63e1\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u8fd1\u4e86\u4e00\u5927\u6b65\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u53c8\u975e\u6307\u5411\u67d0\u79cd\u5355\u7eaf\u5229\u76ca\u6216\u62bd\u8c61\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u548c\u672c\u6587\u6240\u8981\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d(the political\u6709\u5173\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u5207\u5165\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u5206\u6790\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u73b0\u8c61\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n
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\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u201d<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n
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\u3000\u3000 \u7a46\u52d2\u66fe\u7ecf\u6279\u8bc4\u5bf9\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u8def\u5f84\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b7b\u80e1\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u65e0\u89c6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u60c5\u7eea\u5316\u201d\u7684\u9009\u6c11\u672c\u8eab\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5408\u7406\u5316\u8bc9\u6c42\uff0c\u4e5f\u503c\u5f97\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u6709\u6548\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u4ece\u5fc3\u7406\u89d2\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u4ece\u7a77\u4eba\u5bf9\u5bcc\u4eba\u7684\u5ac9\u5992\u5fc3\u7406\u89e3\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b(social democracy\u4e00\u6837\u7b80\u5355\u548c\u8352\u8c2c\u3002(16\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u6025\u5207\u60f3\u4e3a\u7279\u6717\u666e\u4e0a\u53f0\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u610f\u5916\u201d\u73b0\u8c61\u5bfb\u627e\u539f\u56e0\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u89e3\u91ca\u51e0\u4e4e\u553e\u624b\u53ef\u5f97\u3002\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u4eba\u7ad9\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u9ad8\u5730\u505a\u51fa\u6307\u63a7\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u514d\u4e8e\u5411\u81ea\u8eab\u95ee\u8d23\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6700\u5178\u578b\u7684\u83ab\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7279\u6717\u666e\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u5e0c\u62c9\u91cc\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u9009\u524d\u5979\u66fe\u8bf4\u8fc7\u7279\u6717\u666e\u7684\u5fe0\u5b9e\u652f\u6301\u8005\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u201c\u53ef\u9119\u7684\u4eba\u201d(deplorables\u3002(17\u867d\u7136\u4e8b\u540e\u5e0c\u62c9\u91cc\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u63cf\u8ff0\u9053\u6b49\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u9020\u6210\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u652f\u6301\u7279\u6717\u666e\u7684\u4eba\u66f4\u575a\u5b9a\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\u5e0c\u62c9\u91cc\u8ddf\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u6790\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u6790\u5728\u65e8\u8da3\u4e0a\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u6124\u6012\u3001\u618e\u6068\u7b49\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u5f31\u8005\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u8d1f\u9762\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u5bf9\u4ece\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u89d2\u5ea6\u7406\u89e3\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u6279\u8bc4\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u662f\u5f53\u4ee3\u8457\u540d\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u58a8\u83f2(Chantal Mouffe\u3002\u5728\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e2005\u5e74\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u201d\u548c\u53f3\u7ffc\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6311\u6218\u300b(\u201cThe “End of Politics” and the Challenge of Right-wing Populism\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u58a8\u83f2\u53cd\u601d\u4e86\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u4ea4\u6b27\u6d32\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u53f3\u7ffc\u52bf\u529b\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u9996\u6b21\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002\u5982\u6cd5\u56fd\u6781\u53f3\u515a\u6d3e\u56fd\u6c11\u9635\u7ebf\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8ba9\u00b7\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u52d2\u5e9e(Jean-Marie Le Pen\u4e8e2002\u5e74\u8fdb\u5165\u6cd5\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8f6e\uff0c(18\u5e26\u6709\u7eb3\u7cb9\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u5965\u5730\u5229\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u515a\u81ea\u7531\u515a(Fleiheitliche Partei \u4e8e1999\u5e74\u6210\u4e3a\u8be5\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u515a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e8e\u6b21\u5e74\u6210\u529f\u8fdb\u5165\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u8377\u5170\u53f3\u7ffc\u6d3e\u522b\u201c\u5bcc\u56fe\u6069\u540d\u5355\u201d(Pim Fortuyn List\u57282002\u5e74\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5927\u515a\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u4e00\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u201c\u6cdb\u6b27\u6d32\u201d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5982\u540c\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5bf9\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u6b27\u6d32\u8bb8\u591a\u653f\u754c\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u7684\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u201d\u540c\u6837\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u91c7\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u770b\u4f5c\u67d0\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u9000\u5316\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u65e7\u7eb3\u7cb9\u9634\u9b42\u4e0d\u6563\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u515a\u521a\u521a\u6b63\u5f0f\u53c2\u4e0e\u7ec4\u5efa\u5965\u5730\u5229\u653f\u5e9c\u65f6\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5404\u56fd\u5c31\u7acb\u523b\u5bf9\u5176\u4e00\u7247\u8c34\u8d23\uff0c\u5e76\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u63aa\u65bd\u5bf9\u4e4b\u8fdb\u884c\u62b5\u5236\u548c\u5236\u88c1\u3002(19\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u515a\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u503c\u5f97\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7acb\u573a\u540c\u6837\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u503c\u5f97\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5173\u5207\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ad9\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u9ad8\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u8c34\u8d23\u548c\u5236\u88c1\u53cd\u800c\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5f3a\u5316\u4e86\u6b27\u76df\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u7cbe\u82f1\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u8ba9\u5f88\u591a\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u66f4\u52a0\u611f\u89c9\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u53f3\u7ffc\u653f\u515a\u624d\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u6c11\u7cb9\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n
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(26\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49(\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5eb8\u4fd7\u7248\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u540c\u5206\u4eab\u7684\u7f3a\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u770b\u4f5c\u653f\u6cbb\u5206\u6790\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c06\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5355\u5143\u653e\u5728\u4e2a\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5219\u653e\u5728\u9636\u7ea7\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u88ab\u964d\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u540e\u679c\u548c\u884d\u751f\u7269\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u7406\u89e3\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u653f\u6cbb\u6709\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u8ba4\u8bc6\u548c\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5b83\u90fd\u4f1a\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5728\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7b49\u54f2\u4eba\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u5373\u201c\u6d89\u53ca\u57ce\u90a6\u4e4b\u4e8b\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e0e\u53ea\u6d89\u53ca\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e4b\u4e8b\u201d\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002(27\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u53cd\u601d\u548c\u6279\u8bc4\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5eb8\u4fd7\u7248\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u6c49\u5a1c\u00b7\u963f\u4f26\u7279(Hannah Arendt\u3001\u514b\u52b3\u5fb7\u00b7\u52d2\u5f17(Claude Lefort\u3001\u8c22\u5c14\u987f\u00b7\u6c83\u6797(Sheldon Wolin\u7b49\u90fd\u4ee5\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c06\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d(the political\u672c\u8eab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002(28\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u53e4\u5178\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u9996\u5148\u6307\u5411\u201c\u8c01\u7edf\u6cbb\u8c01\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u5982\u4f55\u7edf\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u867d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7167\u642c\u4e9a\u6c0f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u201c\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d\u5165\u624b\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u662f\u6743\u529b\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4f46\u8c01\u53c8\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\uff1f\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u8c01\u53c8\u80fd\u8bf4\u81ea\u5df1\u771f\u7684\u662f\u5728\u7edf\u6cbb\uff1f\u4eba\u6c11\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3b\u6743\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u7528\u52d2\u5f17\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u77db\u76fe\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u6b63\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u53d1\u7aef\u3002(29<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7ecf\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u662f\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u662f\u88ab\u4f53\u5236\u957f\u671f\u5ffd\u89c6\u6216\u538b\u5236\u4e86\u7684\u201c\u6c89\u9ed8\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9009\u7968\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u8fbe\u201c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u201d\u4eba\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u3002\u5f53\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\uff0c\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u4f53\u5236\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u6b6a\u66f2\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u672a\u80fd\u53d1\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u3002\u4ece\u5178\u578b\u7684\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u6240\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5145\u6ee1\u9053\u5fb7\u610f\u5473\u7684\u6784\u60f3\uff0c\u5b83\u5148\u9884\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6b63\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u2014\u2014\u5982\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u51cf\u7a0e\u3001\u6392\u5916\u3001\u53cd\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7acb\u573a\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u662f\u5426\u5f97\u5230\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u901a\u8fc7\u6295\u7968\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5219\u4e00\u6982\u662f\u6b21\u8981\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4ece\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u5185\u90e8\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u53c8\u5360\u6709\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u9886\u8896\u4e00\u822c\u5177\u6709\u6743\u5a01\u4eba\u683c\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e0d\u4e8c\u3002\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5185\u5728\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u8868\u8fbe\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u201d\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5355\u4e00\u7684\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e1d\u4e00\u6beb\u7684\u5185\u5728\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4e0e\u5b83\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u53cd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u3001\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u6d88\u706d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u867d\u7136\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u53cd\u7cbe\u82f1\u3001\u53cd\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f46\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u771f\u7684\u53cd\u7cbe\u82f1\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9\u653f\u6cbb\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6b63\u597d\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u82f1\u96c4\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u9886\u8896\u6765\u201c\u4ee3\u8868\u201d\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u66ff\u4eba\u6c11\u53d1\u51fa\u58f0\u97f3\u3002\u59d4\u5185\u745e\u62c9\u7684\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u5e38\u5e38\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u6ca1\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u771f\u7684\u6ca1\u4efb\u4f55\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u7f18\u4f55\u4ed6\u80fd\u505a\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\uff1f\u7279\u6717\u666e\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u5f88\u591a\u4f53\u5236\u5916\u7684\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u5df1\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u8fd8\u662f\u7279\u6717\u666e\u81ea\u5df1\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u7279\u6717\u666e\u4e00\u70b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u666e\u901a\uff0c\u4ed6\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u5176\u7236\u4eb2\u7684\u5927\u7b14\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u4ea7\u5546\u4eba\u3001\u5a31\u4e50\u5708\u540d\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u90fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u963b\u788d\u67e5\u97e6\u65af\u548c\u7279\u6717\u666e\u4e0e\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ee3\u8868\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ee3\u8868\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4ee3\u8868\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u533a\u522b\u3002\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\u4ee3\u8868\u4f1a\u58f0\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u624d\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u4ee3\u8868\u5c31\u662f\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u6b63\u5f53\u7684\u6216\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u5f7b\u5e95\u6e05\u9664\u6389\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u6574\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u548c\u4eba\u6c11(\u5373\u88ab\u4ee3\u8868\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u6bcf\u4f4d\u4ee3\u8868\u90fd\u4ece\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u89c6\u89d2\u51fa\u53d1\u89e3\u91ca\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u201c\u516c\u5171\u5584\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u4f9b\u81ea\u5df1\u7248\u672c\u7684\u5bf9\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u6c38\u8fdc\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bf9\u201c\u516c\u5171\u5584\u201d\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5185\u5bb9\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\u5360\u6709\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u52d2\u5f17\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4ee3\u8868\u4e0e\u88ab\u4ee3\u8868\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u3002(30<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u5728\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5185\u5728\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6574\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6c11\u7cb9\u9886\u8896\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u662f\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u3002\u5145\u6ee1\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u901a\u5e38\u7ed9\u88ab\u9009\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u4ee3\u8868\u201d\u4ee5\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u4f7f\u547d\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u548c\u6743\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u90fd\u8981\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4f46\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u66f4\u7ecf\u5e38\u5730\u5c06\u4ee3\u8868\u770b\u4f5c\u76f4\u63a5\u201c\u4f53\u73b0\u201d(embody\u4e86\u88ab\u4ee3\u8868\u8005(\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u524d\u8005\u5373\u662f\u540e\u8005\u7684\u201c\u5316\u8eab\u201d\u3002(31\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u88ab\u5927\u5927\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u8868\u8005(\u6c11\u7cb9\u9886\u8896\u4e0e\u88ab\u4ee3\u8868\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u4e5f\u57fa\u672c\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\u3002\u6362\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u9886\u8896\u4e0e\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u95f4\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u5373\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ed6(\u5979\u5c31\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u4eba\u6c11\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u867d\u7136\u53f7\u79f0\u53cd\u7cbe\u82f1\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5374\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u7684\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u6743\u529b\u201d\uff1b\u5b83\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u5e38\u4ee5\u53cd\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u5236\u7684\u9762\u76ee\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5374\u53cd\u800c\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u6269\u5927\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u5a1c\u8482\u4e9a\u00b7\u4e4c\u78a7\u5a1c\u8482(Nadia Urbinati\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u66fe\u8bc4\u8bba\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u53cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff1b\u6b63\u597d\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u4f1a\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6269\u5f20\u51c6\u5907\u6e29\u5e8a\u3002\u201d(32<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5c06\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\u53d8\u6210\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u4eba\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u670d\u52a1\u7684\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u88ab\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5206\u914d\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u201d(the rise of the social\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e0e\u5bb6\u5ead\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u5931\u53bb\u5c06\u4eba\u770b\u4f5c\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u201d(\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u8bed\u7684\u5174\u8da3\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u3002(35\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u5206\u6790\u2014\u2014\u4f1a\u4ece\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5c42\u9762\u3001\u4ece\u5229\u76ca\u5206\u914d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\uff0c\u81ea\u89c9\u6216\u4e0d\u81ea\u89c9\u5730\u5bfb\u627e\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8bc9\u6c42\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bc9\u6c42\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u4e4b\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u6bd4\u8f83\u719f\u6089\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f53\u7136\u6709\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7528\u5904\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u7406\u89e3\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u66f4\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bf4\u6e05\u695a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8d77\u56e0\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e94\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u6709\u6548\u529e\u6cd5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5de6\u53f3\u4e4b\u4e89\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u81f3\u591a\u53ea\u662f\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u4e9b\u201c\u7279\u522b\u201d\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u4f46\u4f55\u4e3a\u201c\u7279\u522b\u201d\u5219\u53c8\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8d56\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u5206\u6790\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u7a81\u51fa\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u5185\u5728\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u6c11\u7cb9\u7684\u533a\u522b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5206\u914d\u65b9\u5f0f\u6216\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e8c\u8005\u90fd\u4ee5\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u6743\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4f46\u6c11\u4e3b\u6307\u5411\u4e00\u79cd\u5f00\u653e\u3001\u591a\u5143\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u800c\u6c11\u7cb9\u5219\u6307\u5411\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u5185\u5728\u5206\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u2460\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bba\u6587\u6700\u540e\u7ed3\u96c6\u6210\u4e66\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Ghita Ionescu and Ernest Gellner,”Introduction”,in Ghita Ionescu and Ernest Gellner(eds.,Populism:Its Meaning and National Character,London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson,1969.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u2461Ivan Krastev,”The Populist Moment”,available at http:\/\/www.eurozine.com\/articles\/2007-09-18-krastev-en,accessed March 1,2012.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u2462\u8482\u83ab\u897f\u00b7\u52a0\u987f\u827e\u4ec0\uff1a\u300a\u6574\u5408\u8fd8\u662f\u89e3\u4f53\u2014\u2014\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u53cd\u5168\u7403\u5316\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6b27\u76df\u5371\u673a\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0e\u4e89\u9e23\u300b2017\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u2463Cas Mudde & Crist\u00f3bal Rovira Kaltwasser,Populism:A Very Short Introduction,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2017,pp.6-7.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u2464(16Jan-Werner M\u00fcller,What is Populism? Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press,2016,p.4,pp.15-16.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u2465\u4e2d\u56fd\u77e5\u7f51\u6570\u636e\u663e\u793a\uff0c2016-2017\u4e24\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u4ee5\u201c\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4e3a\u4e3b\u9898\u7684\u671f\u520a\u8bba\u6587\u548c\u62a5\u7eb8\u6587\u7ae0\u8d85\u8fc7300\u7bc7\uff0c\u8f832014-2015\u5e74\u6570\u91cf\u7ffb\u4e00\u756a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u2466\u6797\u7ea2\uff1a\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u5316\u8d8b\u52bf\u53ca\u5176\u5236\u5ea6\u6839\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\u300b2017\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\uff1b\u53f2\u5fd7\u94a6\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f55\u4ee5\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u6108\u6f14\u6108\u70c8\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u8bba\u575b\u300b2016\u5e74\u7b2c13\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u2467\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e1b\u65e5\u4e91\uff1a\u300a\u4ece\u7cbe\u82f1\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u5927\u4f17\u6c11\u4e3b\u5230\u6c11\u7cb9\u5316\u6c11\u4e3b\u2014\u2014\u8bba\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6c11\u7cb9\u5316\u8d8b\u5411\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0e\u4e89\u9e23\u300b2017\u5e74\u7b2c9\u671f\uff1b\u90d1\u7ef4\u4f1f\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u5b9c\u6807\u7b7e\u5316\u548c\u6269\u5927\u5316\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u5b66\u754c\u4e00\u79cd\u9519\u8bef\u503e\u5411\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0e\u4e89\u9e23\u300b2016\u7b2c10\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u2468\u53c2\u89c1James Mann,”Damage Bigly”,The New York Review of Books,January 18,2018.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 \u2469David Remnick,”Donald Trump and the Enemies of the American People”,The New Yorker,February 18,2017.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (11\u4f8b\u5982,Ben Shapiro,”Conservative Policy,Populist Attitude”,National Review,December 27,2017.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (12Yves Congar,After Nine Hundred Years:The Background of the Schism between the Eastern and Western Churches,New York:Fordham University Press,pp.7-28.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (13″Boris Johnson:London”s Ex-Mayor Could Be Britain”s Next Prime Minister”,available at:https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/parallels\/2016\/06\/25\/483414071\/boris-johnson-londons-ex-mayor-could-be-britains-next-prime-minister<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (14Steve Douglas,”Referendum:Hitler”s “Democratic” Weapon to Forge Dictatorship”,National,8 April,2005,p.43.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (15\u7279\u6717\u666e\u652f\u6301\u8005\u4e2d\u5f88\u591a\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u6536\u5165\u90fd\u4e0d\u9ad8\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\uff1aDavid W.Brady & Douglas Rivers,”Who Are Trump”s Supporters?” Real Clear Politics,available at:http:\/\/www.realclearpolitics.com\/articles\/2015\/09\/09\/who_are_trumps_supporters#!<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (17Dan Balz,”Clinton”s “Deplorables” Remark Sums Up a Deplorable Election Season”,The Washington Post,September 10,2016.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (18\u8ba9\u00b7\u739b\u4e3d\u00b7\u52d2\u5e9e\u00b7\u4e4b\u5973\u739b\u4e3d\u5a1c\u00b7\u52d2\u5e9e(Marine Le Pen\u7ee7\u627f\u7236\u4e1a\uff0c\u57282017\u5e74\u6cd5\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u540c\u6837\u8fdb\u5165\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8f6e\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u9020\u6210\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u8131\u79bb\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u6050\u614c\u3002\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u8131\u6b27\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e5f\u8131\u6b27\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u5c06\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u518d\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n
(19Susi Meret,The Danish People”s Party,the Italian Northern League and the Austrian Freedom Party in a Comparative Perspective:Party Ideology and Electoral Support(PhD thesis,<\/p>\n
University of Aalborg,2010,pp.17-18.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (20\u53c2\u89c1Anthony Giddens,The Third Way and Its Critics,Cambridge:Polity Press,2000.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (21Carl Schmitt,The Concept of the Political,Chicago & London:The University of Chicago Press,p.53.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (22Chantal Mouffe,”The “End of Politics” and the Challenge of Right-wing Populism”,in Populism and the Mirror of Democracy,Francisco Panizza ed.,London:Verso,2005,pp.54-59.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (23\u53c2\u89c1,The Haider Phenomenon in Austria,Ruth Wodak and Anton Pelinka,ed.,London:Routledge,2002.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (24Doug Mataconis,”The End of America”s Political Parties?” Outside the Beltway,November 1st,2011.http:\/\/www.outsidethebeltway.com\/the-end-of-americas-political-parties\/<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (25\u5218\u745c\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1a\u8bba\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u63a2\u7d22\u4e0e\u4e89\u9e23\u300b2016\u5e74\u7b2c10\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (26\u53c2\u89c1\uff0cDiane Ravitch,”Big Money Rules”,The New York Review of Books,December 7,2017.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (27\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u201cpolitics\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5373\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u57ce\u90a6(polis\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u800c\u201ceconomics\u201d(\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5219\u5c5e\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u5434\u5bff\u5f6d\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff0c1997\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c1-2\u300127-29\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (28\u53c2\u89c1Hanna Arendt,The Human Condition,Chicago & London:The University of Chicago Press,1998,pp.7-16.Claude Lefort,Democracy and Political Theory,Cambridge:Polity Press,pp.45-56.\u8c22\u5c14\u987f\u00b7\u6c83\u6797\uff1a\u300a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u300b\uff0c\u6bb5\u5fb7\u654f\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u7b2c3-48\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (29(30Claude Lefort,Democracy and Political Theory,Cambridge:Polity Press,pp.16-19,p.225.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (31\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2d\u201cembody\u201d\u7684\u610f\u6db5\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Yves Sintomer,”The Meanings of Political Representation:Uses and Misuses of a Notion”,Raisons Politiques,Vol.2,2013,pp.13-34.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (32Nadia Urbinati,”Democracy and Populism”,Constellation,No.1(1998,p.118.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000 (33Hannah Arendt,The Human Condition,Chicago & London:The University of Chicago Press,1998,pp.38-39.<\/p>\n
\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n
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