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1\u3001\u4f53\u9a8c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u8bba<\/p>\n
\u7f8e\u56fd\u6d3e\u6069\u548c\u76d6\u5c14\u6469\uff081998\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u4f53\u9a8c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4f53\u9a8c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8981\u628a\u4f53\u9a8c\u6d3b\u52a8\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u4ee4\u4eba\u611f\u89c9\u8212\u670d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4fd7\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6240\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u8fd8\u5e94\u5177\u6709\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u533a\u522b\u6027\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u9ad8\u7684\u6027\u4ef7\u6bd4\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8bb2\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u5355\u9760\u63d0\u4f9b\u597d\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\u5df1\u7ecf\u4e0d\u591f\u4e86\uff1b\u8fd8\u8981\u80fd\u591f\u8ba9\u6e38\u5ba2\u5bf9\u6240\u53c2\u52a0\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u6d3b\u52a8\u56de\u5473\u65e0\u7a77\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u65c5\u6e38\u8d2d\u7269\u8d28\u91cf\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eec\u6108\u52a0\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n
2\u3001\u65c5\u6e38\u666f\u70b9\u7a81\u51fa\u8bba<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4e61\u6751\u65c5\u6e38\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u91cd\u89c6\u53d1\u5c55\u91cd\u70b9\u65c5\u6e38\u666f\u70b9\uff0c\u7a81\u51fa\u5176\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u57f9\u517b\u53d1\u5c55\u91cd\u70b9\u65c5\u6e38\u666f\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e61\u6751\u65c5\u6e38\u666f\u70b9\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u5904\u7406\u597d\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5e03\u5c40\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8981\u628a\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4f18\u8d8a\u3001\u65c5\u6e38\u8d44\u6e90\u7a81\u51fa\u3001\u5f53\u5730\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u6c34\u5e73\u9ad8\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u5730\u533a\u5f53\u4f5c\u91cd\u70b9\u65c5\u6e38\u666f\u70b9\u6765\u5f00\u53d1\u3002\u91cd\u70b9\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u5e26\u52a8\u5176\u4ed6\u65c5\u6e38\u5730\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u91c7\u53d6\u589e\u957f\u53ca\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u5f00\u53d1\u91cd\u70b9\u4e0d\u7a81\u51fa\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u7f13\u6162\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e61\u6751\u65c5\u6e38\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n
3\u3001\u6751\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u8bba<\/p>\n
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4\u3001\u65c5\u6e38\u5730\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u7406\u8bba<\/p>\n
\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5df4\u7279\u52d2(1980)\u66fe\u7ecf\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65c5\u6e38\u70b9\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u90fd\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5386\u63a2\u7d22\u3001\u53c2\u4e0e\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u5de9\u56fa\u3001\u8870\u843d\u548c\u590d\u82cf\u7b49\u516d\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u5f80\u590d\u3002\u65c5\u6e38\u5730\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u7531\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u9636\u6bb5\u5230\u8870\u843d\u3001\u590d\u82cf\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6e38\u5ba2\u4eba\u6570\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u7531\u5c11\u5230\u591a\u518d\u7531\u591a\u5230\u5c11\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u65c5\u6e38\u70b9\u5904\u4e8e\u8870\u843d\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u88ab\u52a0\u5165\u65b0\u7684\u6709\u7279\u8272\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5219\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u518d\u6b21\u5438\u5f15\u6e38\u5ba2\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u666f\u70b9\u7684\u590d\u82cf\uff0c\u8be5\u666f\u70b9\u53c8\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u516d\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u5faa\u73af\u5f80\u590d[29]\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f9d\u636e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65c5\u6e38\u70b9\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5176\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u548c\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u5df4\u7279\u52d2\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u5730\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\u7406\u8bba\u7528\u4e8e\u4e61\u6751\u65c5\u6e38\u76ee\u7684\u5730\u5f00\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5f53\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e61\u6751\u65c5\u6e38\u666f\u70b9\u5904\u4e8e\u5de9\u56fa\u9636\u6bb5\u6216\u4e4b\u524d\u9636\u6bb5\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u91cd\u70b9\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u3001\u666f\u70b9\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u3001\u5e7f\u544a\u5ba3\u4f20\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\uff1b\u800c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u5230\u4e86\u5de9\u56fa\u9636\u6bb5\u6216\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u53d1\u5c55\u65b0\u7684\u6709\u7279\u8272\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u9879\u76ee\u3001\u521b\u9020\u65b0\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u6e38\u5ba2\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u505a\u51fa\u597d\u7684\u5e7f\u544a\u5ba3\u4f20\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u5ef6\u7f13\u8870\u843d\u6216\u8005\u8fdb\u5165\u590d\u82cf\u9636\u6bb5[12]\u3002<\/p>\n
5\u3001\u65c5\u6e38\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u7406\u8bba<\/p>\n
1992\u5e746\u6708\u5728\u5df4\u897f\u91cc\u7ea6\u70ed\u5185\u5362\u53ec\u5f00\u7684\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u73af\u5883\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u300a21\u4e16\u7eaa\u8bae\u7a0b\u300b\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5b83\u540c\u65f6\u5305\u62ec\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u4fdd\u6301\u826f\u597d\u7684\u751f\u6001\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u8c10\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u65c5\u6e38\u7684\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6301\u73af\u5883\u3001\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\u7684\uff0c\u628a\u53ef\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u5c55\u7406\u8bba\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u65c5\u6e38\u5f00\u53d1\u3002\u5176\u4ece\u5185\u5728\u6765\u770b\u662f\u65c5\u6e38\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u627f\u8f7d\u80fd\u529b\u8981\u5927\u4e8e\u751f\u6001\u73af\u5883\u538b\u529b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4ece\u5916\u5728\u770b\u5219\u662f\u65c5\u6e38\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u589e\u957f\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u548c\u7ade\u4e89\u516c\u5e73\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
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2024\u5e74\u5e95\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u4f1a\u53cd\u5f39\u5417\uff1f\u7531\u4e8e\u75ab\u60c5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u30022024\u5e74\u5e95\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9a6c\u4e0a\u6062\u590d\u52302024\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u70ed\u95f9\u666f\u8c61\u554a\u3002\u73b0\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u75ab\u60c5\u60c5\u51b5\u8fd8\u662f\u5f88\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u3002\u591a\u5730\u62a5\u544a\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u65b0\u51a0\u75c5\u6bd2\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf42024\u5e74\u5e95\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8bf4\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5168\u9762\u6062\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n
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